Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

Which of the following best describes the appeal to false authority fallacy?

1. Citing someone without expertise as an authority

2. Using statistics to support a claim

3. Arguing based on popular opinion

4. Providing personal anecdotes as evidence

The correct answer is: Citing someone without expertise as an authority

The appeal to false authority fallacy occurs when someone attempts to support their argument by citing someone who lacks relevant expertise or credibility in the specific area under discussion. In this case, it means relying on the opinion of an individual who may be well-known or respected in one field, but does not have sufficient background or knowledge regarding the subject at hand. This kind of reasoning can lead to flawed conclusions because the authority being referenced does not have the qualifications to make an informed judgment about the issue. Thus, option A effectively encapsulates the essence of the appeal to false authority, making it the best choice in this context. The other options do not accurately describe this particular fallacy. Using statistics can provide legitimate evidence that supports a claim if the statistics are properly sourced and relevant. Arguing based on popular opinion typically involves an appeal to the bandwagon effect, which is a different logical fallacy. Providing personal anecdotes can be persuasive in some discussions but does not inherently constitute a false authority; it lacks empirical support rather than expertise. Each of these options reflects different types of reasoning or fallacies that do not specifically address the concept of false authority.