Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

What does the term ad hominem refer to in logical fallacies?

1. A tactic that engages with the character of opponents rather than their arguments

2. A form of reasoning that asserts all people are alike

3. A valid comparison between two concepts

4. A method to build consensus among argumentative parties

The correct answer is: A tactic that engages with the character of opponents rather than their arguments

The term "ad hominem" specifically refers to a logical fallacy in which an argument attacks a person's character instead of addressing the substance of their argument. This tactic diverts attention from the actual issue being discussed and focuses instead on discrediting the opponent as an individual. For instance, if someone dismisses another person's argument by saying they are untrustworthy or immoral, rather than engaging with the claims made, that represents an ad hominem fallacy. The other options do not accurately capture the essence of the ad hominem fallacy. The choice regarding assertions about people being alike addresses a different type of reasoning, while the option concerning valid comparisons pertains to analogies or metaphors, which are not related to personal attacks. Lastly, a method to build consensus among argumentative parties implies constructive dialogue rather than the fallacious personal attacks inherent in ad hominem arguments. Thus, the correct identification of ad hominem as an attack on character rather than argumentation reflects the true definition of the term.