Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

What defines circular reasoning?

1. A strong progression of ideas leading to a conclusion

2. Relying on the premise to support the claim without new evidence

3. A debate that provides strong factual support

4. A clear and linear argument structure

The correct answer is: Relying on the premise to support the claim without new evidence

Circular reasoning is characterized by the reliance on the premise to support the claim without introducing any new evidence. This logical fallacy occurs when the argument essentially loops back on itself; the conclusion is used as a premise. For example, when someone says, "I am trustworthy because I always tell the truth," the statement does not provide independent evidence of their trustworthiness but simply restates the claim in a different form. This approach fails to advance the argument because it does not introduce valid reasons or evidence that can stand alone. Instead, it assumes what it is trying to prove, which can lead to flawed reasoning and a lack of persuasive power. Moreover, this type of reasoning can often confuse readers or listeners, as they may be left without a clear understanding of why the conclusion is valid. In contrast, the other options present characteristics of logical reasoning or argumentation that do not apply to circular reasoning. A strong progression of ideas leading to a conclusion, a debate that provides strong factual support, and a clear and linear argument structure all imply a more structured, valid way of presenting arguments, which stand in opposition to the inherently flawed nature of circular reasoning.