Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

What characterizes a faulty analogy?

1. Comparison of two comparable things

2. Comparison of two things despite their significant differences

3. Usage of statistical data to support a claim

4. Direct quoting of reputable sources

The correct answer is: Comparison of two things despite their significant differences

A faulty analogy is characterized by a comparison between two things that may initially seem similar but are fundamentally different in critical aspects. This type of reasoning can lead to misleading conclusions because the similarities drawn do not sufficiently support the argument being made. In the context of an argument or persuasive writing, relying on a faulty analogy can weaken the overall reasoning and cause the audience to misinterpret the intended message. In this case, the correct answer highlights that a faulty analogy arises when the comparison is made despite the significant differences between the two things being compared. This is essential to understanding how logical fallacies can impair the effectiveness of an argument. For example, comparing the human brain to a computer may overlook the complexities of human thought and emotion that do not apply to machines, thus leading to a flawed conclusion. The other choices do not describe faulty analogies accurately. Comparing two comparable things does not constitute a faulty analogy, as valid comparisons can effectively support arguments. Using statistical data can bolster a claim by providing concrete evidence, and quoting reputable sources serves to enhance credibility and lend authority to an argument. These aspects are generally seen as sound argumentative practices, distinct from the pitfalls of making faulty analogies.