Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

In the classical oration structure, 'refutation' primarily refers to the aspect of addressing opposing viewpoints. This stage is essential because it involves acknowledging the counterarguments that may challenge the main argument. By presenting these opposing views, an author or speaker can then effectively argue against them, demonstrating the strength and validity of their own position.

This process not only enhances the credibility of the argument by showing an awareness of different perspectives but also allows for a more persuasive argument overall. By thoughtfully engaging with opposing viewpoints, the speaker can dismantle them or offer counter-evidence, which reinforces their own claims and strengthens the overall argument. This is why refutation is a critical component of persuasive writing and speaking.

The other elements in the classical oration structure, such as providing a conclusion, presenting the main argument, and describing the background of the issue, serve different purposes that do not directly involve the interaction with opposing arguments.